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The burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and the potential for reduction by immunisation
Helena K Parsons1, David H Dockrell
1Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
Insights
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious invasive diseases globally, particularly in young children and the elderly. Immunisation is crucial for preventing pneumococcal infections due to rising antibiotic resistance.
Area of Science:
- Medical Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of invasive bacterial disease worldwide.
- Disease incidence varies geographically and by age, with highest rates in children under 2 and the elderly.
- Significant mortality persists despite antimicrobial treatments, underscoring the need for preventative strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the global burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).
- To identify patient populations at high risk for IPD.
- To analyze the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of available vaccines.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of epidemiological data on IPD incidence and mortality.
- Analysis of risk factors associated with IPD.
- Evaluation of clinical trial data and economic models on pneumococcal vaccines.
Main Results:
- IPD affects all age groups, with peaks in the very young and elderly.
- Penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are emerging globally.
- Vaccine efficacy studies demonstrate significant reductions in IPD incidence.
Conclusions:
- Immunisation is a critical public health intervention to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease.
- Vaccine strategies are cost-effective in reducing disease burden and mortality.
- Continued surveillance and vaccination are essential to combat IPD.
Abstract:
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes invasive disease world-wide and in all age groups. The reported incidence varies geographically and is increased in certain population groups. The incidence is highest in children less than 2 years and is also increased in the elderly. Mortality remains substantial even in the developed world despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci highlights the importance of immunisation as a means to prevent disease. This review discusses the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease, identifies high-risk patients and analyses evidence for vaccine efficacy and cost-effectiveness.