Formulation aspects in the development of osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems

Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems utilize osmotic pressure for controlled delivery of active agent(s). Drug delivery from these systems, to a large extent, is independent of the physiological factors of the gastrointestinal tract and these systems can be utilized for systemic as well as targeted delivery of drugs. The release of drug(s) from osmotic systems is governed by various formulation factors such as solubility and osmotic pressure of the core component(s), size of the delivery orifice, and nature of the rate-controlling membrane. By optimizing formulation and processing factors, it is possible to develop osmotic systems to deliver drugs of diverse nature at a pre-programmed rate. In the present review, different types of oral osmotic systems, various aspects governing drug release from these systems, and critical formulation factors are discussed.