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Sex differences in moral internalization and values.

M L Hoffman

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    |October 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study found that females consider others more and experience guilt over moral transgressions, while males experience fear. Internal moral judgment showed no sex differences in children or adults.

    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Psychology
    • Moral Psychology
    • Social Psychology

    Background:

    • Understanding sex differences in moral development is crucial for comprehending social behavior.
    • Previous research suggests varying moral internalization patterns between males and females.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate sex differences in moral internalization indices among children and adults.
    • To explore the relationship between moral transgressions, guilt, and fear of punishment in different sexes.
    • To examine potential influences of socialization and life-cycle pressures on these differences.

    Main Methods:

    • Study involved fifth- and seventh-grade white middle-class children and their parents.
    • Assessed moral internalization through indices of internal moral judgment, guilt intensity, and fear of punishment.

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    Main Results:

    • Females demonstrated greater consideration for others.
    • Moral transgressions were more frequently associated with guilt in females and fear in males, particularly in adults.
    • No significant sex differences were found in internal moral judgment.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings support the notion that females prioritize consideration for others more than males.
    • Sex-based differences in guilt and fear responses to moral transgressions are evident.
    • Discipline, affection patterns, sex-role socialization, and life-cycle pressures may contribute to these observed differences.