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Related Experiment Videos

Processes that occur before second cleavage determine third cleavage orientation in Xenopus.

James M Valles1, Sarah R R M Wasserman, Caterina Schweidenback

  • 1Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. valles@physics.brown.edu

Experimental Cell Research
|February 22, 2002
PubMed
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Experiments show that magnetic fields can alter early frog embryo cleavage planes. These findings suggest that events during the first two cell cycles, not later ones, primarily determine the orientation of the third cleavage plane and mitotic apparatus in Xenopus laevis embryos.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The early development of Xenopus laevis embryos features a precise, orthogonal cleavage plane geometry.
  • The underlying factors that establish this early embryonic patterning remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing the orientation of the third cleavage plane and mitotic apparatus in Xenopus laevis embryos.
  • To utilize static magnetic fields as a novel perturbation tool to gain insights into early embryonic geometry determination.

Main Methods:

  • Xenopus laevis embryos were subjected to static magnetic fields during the first and/or second cell cycles.
  • The orientation of the mitotic apparatus (MA) and the resulting cleavage plane during the third cell cycle were analyzed.

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  • Cell shape was monitored to ensure it was not a confounding factor.

    • Main Results:

    • Application of magnetic fields during the first two cell cycles induced significant reorientation of the third cell cycle MA and cleavage plane.
    • The induced reorientation occurred without altering the overall shape of the embryo.
    • These effects indicate that early cell cycle events are critical for establishing the third cleavage plane orientation.

    Conclusions:

    • Processes occurring during the initial two cell cycles are the primary determinants of the third cleavage plane and mitotic apparatus orientation in Xenopus laevis.
    • Mechanisms that align the mitotic apparatus after its formation play a secondary role in dictating cleavage geometry.