Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in the renal mesangium

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that are expressed in a variety of tissues, including the liver (PPARalpha), adipose tissue, vascular smooth muscle, the heart, skeletal muscle, and the kidney (PPARgamma). PPARdelta is expressed ubiquitously. The receptors function as transcription factors to regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, cell growth and migration as well as insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Although the mechanisms by which all these actions occur have not been completely worked out, ligands to these receptors function to improve lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, endothelial dysfunction and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetes. Thus PPARs appear to have enormous implications for the management of cardiovascular disease.