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Related Experiment Videos

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviour explained by dysfunctioning reinforcement and extinction

Espen Borgå Johansen1, Heidi Aase, Anneke Meyer

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1103 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.

Behavioural Brain Research
|February 28, 2002
PubMed
Summary
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, particularly inattention, may stem from dopamine system dysfunction. Different dopamine pathways could explain varied ADHD presentations and symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness.
  • Inattention is a common symptom across various psychiatric disorders, suggesting complexity beyond ADHD.
  • The ADHD Inattentive subtype may have distinct origins compared to the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD symptoms, focusing on dopamine system dysfunction.
  • To differentiate the potential origins of the ADHD Inattentive subtype from the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype.
  • To propose a model that disentangles executive functions into specific behavioral components.

Main Methods:

  • Neurobiological analysis of dopamine system pathways (meso-limbo-cortical and nigro-striatal).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Behavioral assessment distinguishing cognitive impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness, and motor control.
  • Etiological investigation considering genetic and environmental factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Dopamine system dysfunction, specifically in the meso-limbo-cortical and nigro-striatal branches, is proposed as a primary cause of ADHD symptoms.
    • The model links meso-limbo-cortical dysfunction to altered reinforcement/extinction processes, leading to attention deficits and impulsivity.
    • Nigro-striatal dysfunction is associated with 'extrapyramidal' symptoms, and the model reclassifies executive functions into cognitive impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness, and deficient motor control.

    Conclusions:

    • ADHD symptom heterogeneity may be explained by differential dysfunction in various dopaminergic pathways.
    • Genetic factors are likely the primary cause of dopamine dysfunction in ADHD, with environmental factors playing a secondary role.
    • Environmental influences, such as substance abuse or pollutants, may contribute to geographical variations in ADHD prevalence.