Integrated microfluidic electrophoresis system for analysis of genetic materials using signal amplification methods

An isothermal signal amplification technique for specific DNA sequences, known as cycling probe technology (CPT), was performed within a microfluidic chip. The presence of DNA from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was determined by signal amplification of a specific DNA sequence. The microfluidic device consisted of four channels intersecting to mix the sample and reagents within 55 s, as they were directed toward the reactor coil by electrokinetic pumping. The 160-nL CPT reactor occupied approximately 220 mm2. Gel-free capillary electrophoresis separation of the biotin- and fluorescein-labeled probe from the probe fragments was performed on-chip following the on-chip reaction. An off-chip CPT reaction, with on-chip separation gave a detection limit of 2 fM (0.03 amol) target DNA and an amplification factor of 85,000. Calibration curves, linear at <5% probe fragmentation, obeyed a power law relationship with an argument of 0.5 [target] at higher target DNA concentrations for both on-chip and off-chip CPT reaction and analysis. An amplification factor of 42,000 at 250 fM target (25,000 target molecules) was observed on-chip, but the reaction was approximately 4 times less sensitive than off-chip under the conditions used. Relative SD values for on-chip CPT were 0.8% for the peak migration times, 9% for the area of intact probe peak, and 8% for the fragment/probe peak area ratio.