Feeding and wounding responses in Hydra suggest functional and structural polarization of the tentacle nervous system

The nervous system of Hydra, a freshwater cnidaria, occurs as dispersed, or diffuse, nerve net throughout the animal. It is widely accepted that in a diffuse nervous system an external stimulus is conducted in all directions over the net. Here I report observations that hydra tentacles respond to feeding and wounding stimuli in a unidirectional manner. Upon contact of a tentacle with a brine shrimp larva during feeding, tissue on the proximal side of the point of contact contracted strongly, whereas tissue on the distal side contracted only very weakly. Feeding a tentacle to which a second tentacle was grafted to the proximal end in the reversed orientation showed that unidirectional conduction, once initiated, was blocked by the reversal of polarity, demonstrating that the distal to proximal polarity of tissue is crucial for unidirectional conduction. Unidirectional conduction was obtained also by mechanically pinching the tissue. The response of tentacles devoid of neurons examined was bidirectional, demonstrating that the nervous system is responsible for the unidirectional responses. These observations suggest that polarized property of the nerve net in hydra tentacles is responsible for the unidirectional tentacle contraction.