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Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

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β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
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β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in bronchial smooth...

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Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...

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Propranolol, 14C-morphine accumulation and avoidance: peripheral and central variables.

W C Black, W J McBride, H J Grosz

Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior

|July 1, 1975

Summary

Pretreatment with propranolol significantly reduced morphine levels in the brain and blood. However, propranolol still lessened morphine

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Area of Science:

Neuropharmacology
Behavioral Pharmacology

Background:

Propranolol pretreatment attenuates morphine's behavioral effects.
This attenuation was previously hypothesized to be due to reduced morphine levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether propranolol's attenuation of morphine's anti-avoidance effects is solely due to reduced central morphine concentrations.

Main Methods:

Rats were pretreated with propranolol intraperitoneally.
Labeled morphine was administered IP, and its levels were measured in various brain regions and plasma.
Morphine was also administered intraventricularly after propranolol pretreatment in rats performing a free-operant avoidance task.

Main Results:

Propranolol pretreatment substantially reduced 14C-morphine levels in blood plasma and multiple brain regions (neostriatum, pons-medulla, midbrain, cerebral cortex, cerebellum).
Despite direct central administration of morphine (intraventricularly), propranolol pretreatment still attenuated the anti-avoidance effects of morphine.

Conclusions:

Reduced central morphine levels do not solely explain the attenuation of morphine's behavioral effects by propranolol.
Propranolol may influence morphine's action through mechanisms other than altering its central nervous system concentration.