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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
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Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
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Depressive Disorders: Etiology

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil
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Published on: October 4, 2016

Is this patient clinically depressed?

John W Williams1, Polly Hitchcock Noël, Jeffrey A Cordes

  • 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton St, HSR&D, Bldg 6, Durham, NC 27705, USA. jw.williams@duke.edu

JAMA
|March 7, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate depression diagnosis is possible using various questionnaires and clinical interviews. These tools aid clinicians in identifying major depression with reliable results.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Mental Health
  • Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Depressive disorders are common, yet diagnosis is challenging due to the absence of a definitive diagnostic test.
  • Effective screening and diagnostic tools are crucial for timely intervention and management of depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the diagnostic accuracy and precision of depression questionnaires.
  • To evaluate the reliability of clinical examinations in diagnosing major depression.
  • To compare the performance of various screening instruments and diagnostic methods.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of English-language studies from 1970-2000 using MEDLINE and specialized registries.
  • Inclusion of case-finding studies (≥100 primary care patients, validated questionnaires) and reliability studies (≥2 clinicians, criterion-based diagnoses).
  • Rigorous quality assessment of included studies, focusing on sample size, patient selection, blinding, and diagnostic procedures.

Main Results:

  • Eleven depression questionnaires, taking 1-5 minutes to administer, showed comparable performance characteristics.
  • Median positive likelihood ratio for major depression was 3.3; median negative likelihood ratio was 0.19.
  • High interrater reliability (kappa=0.64-0.93) was observed for mental health professionals using semistructured interviews; primary care physicians also demonstrated high agreement (kappa=0.71).

Conclusions:

  • Numerous practical depression questionnaires with good performance are available to assist clinicians.
  • Clinical interviews, particularly semistructured ones, conducted by mental health professionals or primary care physicians, offer reliable diagnostic confirmation.
  • These validated tools enhance the identification and diagnosis of major depressive disorder in clinical settings.