Sexual dimorphism in the central nervous system of marsupials

It is now evident that gonadal steroids, acting within a limited critical period during fetal or neonatal life, bring about sexual differentiation of both the reproductive tract and the central nervous system (CNS) in eutherians. This results in structural dimorphism in several regions of the brain and spinal cord and the programming of future patterns of adult reproductive behavior. At birth the CNS of marsupials is very underdeveloped and debate continues as to the importance of hormones in its sexual differentiation. Nevertheless, some sexually dimorphic regions have been identified, including the lateral septal nucleus in the hypothalamus and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus and dorsolateral nucleus in the spinal cord, but interestingly not the cremasteric nucleus, which is dimorphic in eutherians. To date, no apparent sex differences in estrogen and androgen receptor-immunoreactive structures have been detected in the marsupial brain; however, higher levels of aromatase activity during early development in male opossums have been reported. Sex differences have been identified in the localization of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive structures in the marsupial brain indicating that the expression of this neuropeptide is differentially regulated in each sex. A sex difference also exists in the density of arginine vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers. Arguments continue as to whether sexually dimorphic behavior in marsupials, as in eutherians, is largely predetermined by hormones acting on the CNS early in development or if it is entirely dependent on the adult steroid hormonal environment.