Structural and functional consequences of missense mutations in exon 5 of the lipoprotein lipase gene

Missense mutations in exon 5 of the LPL gene are the most common reported cause of LPL deficiency. Exon 5 is also the region with the strongest homology to pancreatic and hepatic lipase, and is conserved in LPL from different species. Mutant LPL proteins from post-heparin plasma from patients homozygous for missense mutations at amino acid positions 176, 188, 194, 205, and 207, and from COS cells transiently transfected with the corresponding cDNAs were quantified and characterized, in an attempt to determine which aspect of enzyme function was affected by each specific mutation. All but one of the mutant proteins were present, mainly as partially denatured LPL monomer, rendering further detailed assessment of their catalytic activity, affinity to heparin, and binding to lipoprotein particles difficult. However, the fresh unstable Gly(188)-->Glu LPL and the stable Ile(194)-->Thr LPL, although in native conformation, did not express lipase activity. It is proposed that many of the exon 5 mutant proteins are unable to achieve or maintain native dimer conformation, and that the Ile(194)-->Thr substitution interferes with access of lipid substrate to the catalytic pocket. These results stress the importance of conformational evaluation of mutant LPL. Absence of catalytic activity does not necessarily imply that the substituted amino acid plays a specific direct role in catalysis.