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Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures.

D C Nieman1

  • 1Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee
|March 19, 2002
PubMed
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Carbohydrate supplementation may mitigate immune suppression from intense exercise. This nutritional strategy appears to reduce hormonal stress and inflammation, though further research is needed for clinical significance.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Immunology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Prolonged, intense exercise induces physiological stress and immune suppression, increasing infection risk.
  • Nutritional supplements like zinc, vitamin C, and glutamine have been explored to counteract exercise-induced immunosuppression.
  • Carbohydrate supplementation is a key area of investigation for managing immune responses to strenuous physical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of carbohydrate supplementation in attenuating immune and hormonal changes following heavy exertion.
  • To compare the effects of carbohydrate versus placebo ingestion on immune cell function and inflammatory markers during intensive exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Review of data from several studies involving endurance athletes.
  • Comparison of physiological and immunological responses between carbohydrate and placebo ingestion during and after heavy exertion.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of hormonal markers (cortisol, growth hormone, epinephrine), immune cell counts, phagocytic activity, and cytokine profiles.

    • Main Results:

    • Carbohydrate ingestion was associated with an attenuated cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine response compared to placebo.
    • Fewer perturbations in blood immune cell counts were observed with carbohydrate supplementation.
    • Lower granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis, reduced oxidative burst activity, and diminished pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses were noted.

    Conclusions:

    • Carbohydrate supplementation appears to diminish the physiological stress and inflammation associated with intensive exercise.
    • The hormonal and immune responses suggest a beneficial effect of carbohydrate intake, but clinical significance requires further investigation.