Noninvasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis

Noninvasive imaging techniques offer a unique opportunity to study the relation of surrogate markers to the development of atherosclerosis. These noninvasive imaging modalities include: (1) carotid artery, coronary, and aorta imaging; (2) left ventricular echocardiography imaging; (3) electron-beam computed tomography; (4) magnetic resonance imaging; and (5) ankle-brachial index. Because the incidence of coronary artery disease is a function of the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the use of noninvasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis can aid in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease through the identification of subclinical disease. Noninvasive imaging techniques provide an approach for identifying high-risk individuals who may benefit from active intervention to prevent clinical disease.