Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management

Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a multifaceted approach to reduce symptoms, prevent exacerbations, improve overall health status, and slow disease progression. Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. Here is an overview of the primary COPD management strategies:
Smoking Cessation

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Redshift Evolution of Damped Lyman Alpha Absorbers and the Epoch of Galaxy Formation.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2015

Same author

Lysine cataboism and α-aminoadipate synthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus.

Applied microbiology and biotechnology·2012

Same author

A thermogravimetry-capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry interface.

Analytical chemistry·2011

Same author

The detection of tubercle bacilli by fluorescence microscopy.

The New England journal of medicine·2010

Same author

Surgical management of solitary metastatic melanoma.

Acta chirurgica Belgica·2009

Same author

System design of a cochlear implant.

IEEE engineering in medicine and biology magazine : the quarterly magazine of the Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society·2009

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Published on: January 24, 2020

Clinical pathways for managing patients receiving interleukin 2.

S A Mavroukakis¹, P M Muehlbauer, R L White

¹Sharon_Mavroukakis@nih.gov

Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing

|March 22, 2002

Summary

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a biologic therapy used for metastatic cancers. Understanding its effects on the immune system and predictable side effects like flu-like symptoms is crucial for patient care.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2021

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Published on: January 24, 2020

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2021

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Pharmacology

Background:

Biologic therapies, including interleukin 2 (IL-2), are increasingly used in cancer and HIV treatment.
Clinicians require specialized knowledge to manage patients receiving these advanced treatments.
IL-2 is approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, with ongoing trials for other cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the immune system's components affected by IL-2.
To discuss the approved uses and ongoing research for IL-2 in oncology.
To outline the predictable side effects of IL-2 and strategies for management.

Main Methods:

Review of the immune system's interaction with IL-2.
Analysis of IL-2's approved indications and clinical trial status.
Discussion of IL-2 administration variables influencing side effect severity.

Main Results:

IL-2 impacts specific elements of the immune system.
Flu-like symptoms are the most common side effect across administration methods.
Side effect severity is dose, route, and schedule dependent.

Conclusions:

Clinical pathways are effective tools for managing IL-2 toxicities.
Anticipating and managing IL-2 side effects ensures patient safety and treatment efficacy.
Enhanced understanding of IL-2's immunologic effects supports its clinical application.