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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Published on: February 3, 2013

The function of E- and Id proteins in lymphocyte development.

I Engel1, C Murre

  • 1Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|March 22, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Helix-loop-helix proteins, specifically E-proteins, are vital for lymphocyte development. Their activity is regulated by Id proteins, influencing B- and T-cell lineage commitment and proliferation.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are critical regulators of lymphocyte development and function.
  • E-proteins, a subclass of HLH proteins, are essential for the commitment of lymphoid progenitors to B- and T-cell lineages.
  • Id proteins, another class of HLH proteins, act as dominant-negative regulators of E-proteins by preventing DNA binding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of E-proteins and their Id antagonists in lymphocyte proliferation and development.
  • To discuss the regulation of E-protein activity and Id gene expression by T-cell receptor (TCR) and pre-TCR signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on HLH proteins in lymphocyte biology.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involving T-cell receptor (TCR) and pre-TCR.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

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Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes
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Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

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A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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  • Integration of findings on protein-protein interactions and gene regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • E-proteins are indispensable for initiating B- and T-cell lineage programs.
    • Id proteins inhibit E-protein function, thereby controlling the balance of lymphocyte development.
    • TCR and pre-TCR signaling pathways modulate E-protein activity and Id gene expression.

    Conclusions:

    • E-proteins and Id proteins are key players in the intricate network governing lymphocyte development and function.
    • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms provides insights into immune cell homeostasis and potential therapeutic targets.