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Related Concept Videos

Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end of the molecule,...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Intermolecular Forces03:13

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Steric effects and solvent effects in ionic reactions.

Colleen K Regan1, Stephen L Craig, John I Brauman

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 23, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Steric effects in SN2 reactions are smaller in the gas phase than in solution. This difference is due to solvation effects, which Monte Carlo simulations confirm contribute to SN2 reaction barriers in solution.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • SN2 reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry, involving nucleophilic substitution with inversion of stereochemistry.
  • Understanding steric and solvation effects is crucial for predicting reaction outcomes and rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of steric hindrance on SN2 reaction rates.
  • To compare steric effects in the gas phase versus solution.
  • To elucidate the role of solvation in modulating SN2 reaction barriers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry to monitor isotopic exchange reactions.
  • Measured reaction rates for chloride ion with methyl- and tert-butyl-substituted chloroacetonitriles.
  • Employed Monte Carlo simulations with statistical perturbation theory to model solvation effects.

Main Results:

  • Gas-phase steric effects were found to be diminished compared to solution-phase observations.
  • An increased reaction barrier in solution was attributed to solvation effects.
  • Simulations confirmed that steric hindrance to solvation contributes to SN2 barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Solvation plays a significant role in increasing SN2 reaction barriers, particularly concerning steric hindrance.
  • The apparent steric effects observed in solution are amplified by solvation, differing from intrinsic gas-phase steric effects.