Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
Published on: June 18, 2020
Risk factors for hospitalized upper or lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in treated hypertensives
Robert C Kaplan1, Susan R Heckbert, Bruce M Psaty
1Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, USA. rkaplan@aecom.yu.edu
Background:
We examined risk factors for hospitalized gastrointestinal bleeding among health maintenance organization (HMO) members with hypertension.
Methods:
Case subjects (n = 199) were patients with hypertension hospitalized for confirmed gastrointestinal bleeding in 1992-1994. Control hypertensive subjects (n = 821) were selected from ongoing studies. Medical records and computerized pharmacy data were used to assess risk factors. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) were estimated using logistic regression models.
Results:
In multivariate-adjusted models, significant risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 111 cases) were hepatic disease (RR = 2.85), elevated creatinine (RR = 2.45), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (RR = 2.28), smoking (RR = 1.93), cardiovascular disease (RR = 1.89), and physical inactivity (RR = 1.70). Risk factors for lower gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 43 cases) in multivariate-adjusted analyses were anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy (RR = 3.80), elevated creatinine (RR = 2.31), and physical inactivity (RR = 2.10).
Conclusions:
This study confirmed several known risk factors for hospitalized gastrointestinal bleeding, including hepatic disease, renal dysfunction, and medication use, and also identified smoking and physical inactivity as independent risk factors. The magnitude of the relative risks associated with these behavioral factors suggests that lifestyle modification may substantially reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Related Concept Videos
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction
Portal Hypertension
