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Related Experiment Videos

Tetrachromatic input to turtle horizontal cells.

Y Zana1, D F Ventura, J M de Souza

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. zana@npd.ufpe.br

Visual Neuroscience
|April 2, 2002
PubMed
Summary
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Researchers identified ultraviolet (UV) cone input to turtle Y/B horizontal cells, supporting models of retinal connectivity. This study reveals how UV, S, M, and L cones connect to horizontal cells in the turtle retina.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Retinal Physiology

Background:

  • Evidence suggests turtles possess a fourth cone type maximally sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light.
  • Existing models of cone-horizontal cell connectivity in the retina do not incorporate this UV cone type.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the input of UV, S, M, and L cones onto horizontal cells in the turtle retina.
  • To refine models of retinal connectivity by characterizing spectral sensitivities of horizontal cells under various light adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the Dynamic Constant Response Method for high-resolution measurement of horizontal cell spectral sensitivity.
  • Measured spectral sensitivity in the absence of background light and following adaptation to UV, blue, green, and red light.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Utilized chromatic adaptation to isolate cone-specific inputs.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified tetrachromatic input (UV, S, M, L cones) to Y/B horizontal cells.
    • Observed UV cone input to Y/B horizontal cells, with peak sensitivity at 372 nm, consistent with porphyropsin.
    • Found L- and M-cone input to R/G horizontal cells, and primarily L-cone input with secondary M-cone input to monophasic horizontal cells; no UV or S-cone input was detected in these cell types.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetrachromacy in Y/B horizontal cells supports connectivity models that include all cone types.
    • R/G and monophasic horizontal cells do not receive tetrachromatic input.
    • The spectral sensitivity of the turtle UV cone peaks at 372 nm, confirmed through chromatic adaptation experiments.