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Related Concept Videos

Transgenic Organisms00:53

Transgenic Organisms

Overview
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Nuclear transfer in practice.

K H Campbell1, R Alberio, J H Lee

  • 1School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. Keith.Campbell@nottingham.ac.uk

Cloning and Stem Cells
|April 12, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear transfer (NT) enables the creation of embryos and offspring from various cell types. Successful development hinges on factors like cell source, reconstruction methods, and cell cycle synchronization.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear transfer (NT) is a key biotechnological method for producing cloned animals.
  • The technique involves transferring a nucleus from a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte.
  • NT has applications in agriculture, conservation, and biomedical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse applications of nuclear transfer technology.
  • To discuss the various techniques currently employed in NT.
  • To identify and analyze the critical factors influencing successful NT development.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on nuclear transfer.
  • It examines different donor cell types (embryonic, fetal, adult) and recipient oocytes.

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Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons
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Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons
13:39

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

Published on: December 10, 2009

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

  • Factors such as reconstruction, activation, and culture conditions are analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • Nuclear transfer can generate embryos, fetuses, and offspring from various cell sources across species.
    • Developmental success is highly sensitive to numerous procedural and biological variables.
    • Optimization of recipient cell type, donor cell characteristics, and cell cycle matching is crucial.

    Conclusions:

    • Nuclear transfer is a versatile technique with broad applications in animal science.
    • Understanding and controlling the factors affecting NT is essential for improving efficiency and success rates.
    • Further research into optimizing NT protocols can enhance its utility in various fields.