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Related Concept Videos

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma
09:52

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Published on: January 25, 2015

Terlipressin for norepinephrine-resistant septic shock.

Alastair O'Brien, Lucie Clapp, Mervyn Singer

    Lancet (London, England)
    |April 17, 2002
    PubMed
    Summary

    Terlipressin, a vasopressin analogue, effectively treated refractory septic shock in eight patients. This rescue therapy restored blood pressure, allowing reduced vasopressor use and intensive care unit discharge for some patients.

    Area of Science:

    • Critical Care Medicine
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Septic shock with norepinephrine-resistant hypotension carries a high mortality rate.
    • Vasopressin infusion may reduce mortality but can cause rebound hypotension and requires prolonged administration.
    • Limited treatment options exist for catecholamine-resistant septic shock.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of terlipressin as a rescue therapy in patients with septic shock unresponsive to corticosteroids and methylene blue.
    • To assess the duration of blood pressure response and the need for vasopressor reduction after terlipressin administration.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective case series of eight patients with septic shock.
    • Administration of a single bolus of terlipressin.
    • Monitoring of blood pressure response, norepinephrine requirements, and clinical outcomes.

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    Published on: January 7, 2019

    Main Results:

    • All eight patients experienced a significant blood pressure increase lasting at least 5 hours after a single terlipressin bolus.
    • Norepinephrine administration was reduced or stopped in seven patients.
    • Four patients were successfully discharged from the intensive care unit.

    Conclusions:

    • Terlipressin is an effective rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock.
    • A single bolus of terlipressin can restore blood pressure and reduce vasopressor dependence.
    • Terlipressin appears to be a safe option with no obvious complications in this patient cohort.