Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: consequences in adult life

Thyroid nodules are very common in the general population, but less so in children. If present, however, in children or adolescents, the likelihood of malignancy is increased. The endocrinologist must look for an etiological factor, such as iodine deficiency, previous irradiation, infections or autoimmunity, assess thyroid function, and especially exclude malignancy. For this, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most important procedure. If malignancy is suspected, thyroidectomy is advised, otherwise thyroxine treatment or follow-up. Whether operated or not, the patient needs life-long follow-up, with or without thyroxine treatment. Especially for young persons, such follow-up is unpleasant, hence the need for the physician to support his patients psychologically.