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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

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Upper airway neurogenic mechanisms.

Chih-Feng Tai1, James N Baraniuk

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|April 20, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Nasal sensory nerves protect airways via neuropeptide release and reflexes. Dysfunction of these nerves, including substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide release, may cause rhinitis and sinusitis.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Nasal sensory nerves initiate protective responses to irritants.
  • Neuropeptides like substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide are released by Type C nociceptive nerves.
  • Parasympathetic reflexes and sympathetic tone modulate nasal function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of nasal sensory nerve function in airway defense.
  • To explore the role of nerve dysfunction in common rhinopathies.
  • To highlight species-specific differences in human nasal axon responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuropeptide release and axonal responses.
  • Analysis of parasympathetic and sympathetic reflex pathways.

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  • Comparison of human and animal nasal nerve physiology.

    • Main Results:

    • Axonal neuropeptide release triggers plasma extravasation and glandular secretion for immediate mucosal defense.
    • Parasympathetic reflexes stimulate submucosal gland secretion via acetylcholine and M(3) receptors.
    • Sympathetic vasoconstriction maintains nasal patency, while its loss may cause chronic rhinopathies.

    Conclusions:

    • Nasal sensory nerve dysfunction is implicated in allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, and sinusitis.
    • Understanding human-specific responses is crucial, as animal models have limitations.
    • These neural mechanisms are vital for upper and lower airway protection.