Late degeneration in rabbit tissues after irradiation by heavy ions

In 1974, using the rabbit as a model, we began long-term experiments designed to help in the evaluation of the hazards to man from extended exposure to heavy ions in space. Such exposure would occur, for example, during the construction of solar power stations in stationary orbits or on round trips to Mars. Our experiments with 400 MeV/nucleon Ne ions and 570 MeV/nucleon Ar ions have shown that true late effects of a degenerative nature are manifested only years after irradiation. At the appropriate doses (the high end of the experimental dose range), the magnitudes of the late effects are comparable with those encountered in human patients given radiation therapy with neutrons. Such comparisons show that the rabbit experiments are applicable to man. Given that basis, the results from the low end of the experimental dose range lead to the conclusion that astronauts subjected to the radiation fluxes anticipated during flights of the above duration could experience late radiation effects one or more decades after exposure. Late degenerative changes will occur in tissues of the central nervous system, terminally differentiating systems and stem cell populations. The studies also indicate that individual tissues may be "prematurely aged" by radiation in the sense that the "life spans" of those tissues can be decreased without the appearance of malignancies.