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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Resonance02:52

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
13:21

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Published on: August 18, 2012

Characterizing the oxygen-oxygen interaction in the dinitramide anion.

Elizabeth A Zhurova1, Vladimir G Tsirelson, Adam I Stash

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 25, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Atomic interactions in biguanidium dinitramide crystals were analyzed using the Theory of Atoms in Molecules. Oxygen atoms exhibit a bonding closed-shell interaction, confirmed by electron density and potential energy density calculations.

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Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

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Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
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Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
08:22

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: May 15, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Quantum chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding interatomic forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • The Theory of Atoms in Molecules (AIM) provides a framework for analyzing chemical bonds.
  • Biguanidium dinitramide and its derivatives are energetic materials with potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of atomic interactions between oxygen atoms in biguanidium dinitramide crystals.
  • To characterize these interactions using advanced computational and experimental techniques.
  • To determine if these interactions are bonding in nature.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of atomic interactions using the Theory of Atoms in Molecules (AIM).
  • Derivation of electron density from X-ray diffraction data at 90 K.
  • Calculation of potential energy density using the density functional approach.
  • Identification of bond critical points and bond paths.

Main Results:

  • Bond critical points were identified on the O(1)...O(4) interatomic line in both electron density and potential energy density gradient fields.
  • A bond path and its associated virial path were obtained, confirming a direct interaction.
  • The interaction between oxygen atoms was classified as a bonding closed-shell type interaction.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully characterized the atomic interactions between oxygen atoms in biguanidium dinitramide crystals.
  • The identified bonding closed-shell interaction provides insight into the stability and properties of these energetic materials.
  • AIM analysis is a powerful tool for understanding subtle interatomic forces in crystalline structures.