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Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife.

E S Williams1, T Yuill, M Artois

  • 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA.

Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
|April 27, 2002
PubMed
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Emerging wildlife infectious diseases arise from ecosystem changes and pathogen movement. Increased human activity and environmental shifts drive disease emergence, impacting wild animals, domestic animals, and humans.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • Wildlife Ecology
  • Pathogen Dynamics

Background:

  • Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in wildlife pose significant threats to biodiversity, domestic animals, and human health.
  • Understanding the drivers of EID emergence is crucial for effective disease management and prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize the primary drivers of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife.
  • To illustrate these drivers with specific examples of wildlife diseases.
  • To emphasize the need for vigilance in detecting and managing EIDs.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of EID emergence processes: ecosystem alterations, pathogen/vector movement, and microbial/diagnostic changes.
  • Analysis of case studies including Mycoplasmosis in passerines, Hantavirus in rodents, rabbit/hare caliciviruses, rabies, and chytridiomycosis in amphibians.

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  • Review of the role of anthropogenic factors and natural changes in disease emergence.

    • Main Results:

    • EID emergence results from a complex interplay of factors, often exceeding simple categorization.
    • Examples demonstrate how habitat changes (e.g., Mycoplasmosis), human-induced landscape alterations (e.g., Hantavirus), and pathogen movement (e.g., caliciviruses, rabies, chytrid fungus) facilitate disease spread.
    • Advances in diagnostic techniques also contribute to the recognition of novel or previously unknown pathogens (e.g., paramyxoviruses).

    Conclusions:

    • Ecosystem alterations and the movement of pathogens/vectors are key drivers of wildlife EID.
    • Continued global environmental changes and increased movement of animals will likely lead to more EID events.
    • Proactive surveillance and rapid diagnosis are essential to mitigate the impact of wildlife EIDs on animal and human health.