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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
12:02

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

TREX is a conserved complex coupling transcription with messenger RNA export.

Katja Strässer1, Seiji Masuda, Paul Mason

  • 1BZH, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Nature
|April 30, 2002
PubMed
Summary

The TREX complex, comprising yeast proteins Yra1 and Sub2 and their metazoan counterparts Aly and UAP56, links transcription and mRNA export. This conserved complex is recruited to activated genes during transcription.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) export and splicing are crucial cellular processes.
  • Yeast proteins Yra1 and Sub2 are key mRNA export factors with conserved metazoan homologs Aly and UAP56.
  • These factors connect splicing and mRNA export machineries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of Yra1 and Sub2 with the THO complex.
  • To define a conserved complex linking transcription and mRNA export.
  • To elucidate the role of this complex in gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to determine protein associations.
  • Genetic interaction studies.
  • Analysis of RNA export in yeast and metazoan systems.

Main Results:

  • Yra1 and Sub2 stoichiometrically associate with the yeast THO complex.
  • Genetic interactions confirm the functional link between Yra1, Sub2, and THO components.
  • Aly and UAP56 associate with human THO complex counterparts.
  • The conserved TREX complex is recruited to activated genes and travels with RNA polymerase II.

Conclusions:

  • A conserved TREX (transcription/export) complex is defined, comprising Yra1/Aly, Sub2/UAP56, and THO complex components.
  • The TREX complex plays a conserved role in coupling transcription to mRNA export.
  • This complex is recruited to actively transcribed genes and moves with RNA polymerase II.