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Related Experiment Videos

Cloning: experience from the mouse and other animals.

R Yanagimachi1

  • 1The Institute for Biogenesis Research, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. yana@hawaii.edu

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|May 4, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian cloning efficiency remains low due to epigenetic reprogramming errors in donor cell nuclei. Understanding these mechanisms is key to improving cloning safety and success rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Mammalian cloning has advanced from using early embryos to adult somatic cells.
  • Current cloning efficiency is low across species, with most cloned embryos failing to reach full term.
  • High mortality rates in cloned embryos are primarily attributed to faulty epigenetic reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causes of low cloning efficiency in mammals.
  • To understand the role of epigenetic reprogramming in cloning success.
  • To identify factors that may improve cloning safety and efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cloning efficiency across different animal species and cell types.
  • Examination of epigenetic reprogramming in donor cell nuclei post-transfer.

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  • Comparison of survival rates and health of cloned offspring (inbred vs. hybrid mice).

    • Main Results:

    • Over 97% of cloned embryos in most species perish before term; Japanese black cattle show <20% adult survival.
    • Faulty epigenetic reprogramming is the primary cause of embryonic and fetal death in cloned mammals.
    • Genomic heterogeneity in hybrid mice appears to mask some epigenetic errors, improving survival.
    • While some cloned mice survive and reproduce, they may exhibit health issues like obesity.

    Conclusions:

    • Low cloning efficiency is largely due to incomplete epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclei.
    • Genomic heterogeneity can partially mask epigenetic defects, but does not eliminate them.
    • Further research into epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for developing safer and more efficient cloning techniques.
    • The Japanese black cattle's higher success rate may offer insights into overcoming cloning challenges.