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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
Published on: January 20, 2015
Retro-translocation of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol
Billy Tsai1, Yihong Ye, Tom A Rapoport
1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Abstract:
Proteins that are misfolded in the endoplasmic reticulum are transported back into the cytosol for destruction by the proteasome. This retro-translocation pathway has been co-opted by certain viruses, and by plant and bacterial toxins. The mechanism of retro-translocation is still mysterious, but several aspects of this process are now being unravelled.
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