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Related Concept Videos

Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Close-packed C(70)(3-) phases - synthesis, structure, and electronic properties.

Mark S Denning1, Ian D Watts, Sandra M Moussa

  • 1Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 9, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized face-centered cubic (fcc) trivalent fulleride anion salts from C(70) fullerenes. These metallic but not superconducting phases offer insights into fullerene superconductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Superconductivity Research

Background:

  • The electronic degeneracy of C(60)(3)(-) anions is linked to high superconducting transition temperatures in fullerides.
  • Synthesizing trivalent fulleride anion salts from higher fullerenes like C(70) has been experimentally challenging.
  • Existing stable phases for C(70) include A(1)C(70), A(4)C(70), and A(6)C(70).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally evaluate the hypothesis linking fullerene symmetry and superconductivity.
  • To synthesize face-centered cubic (fcc) trivalent fulleride anion salts (A(3)C(70)) from C(70) fullerenes.
  • To investigate the structural and electronic properties of these novel fulleride phases.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of fcc A(3)C(70) phases, specifically stabilizing them using sodium cations in tetrahedral sites.
  • Structural characterization, with attention to cooling protocols influencing metastable phases.
  • Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to probe electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized fcc A(3)C(70) phases, stabilized by sodium cation size-matching.
  • Observed structural dependence on cooling protocols, leading to disordered phases.
  • EPR data indicated metallic behavior but no superconductivity above 5 K.
  • Low density of states at the Fermi level suggests insufficient conditions for superconductivity.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized fcc A(3)C(70) phases are metallic but not superconducting.
  • Superconductivity in C(70) systems likely requires a higher electron doping (four electrons per C(70) anion).
  • Achieving stable A(3)C(70) requires precise size-matching at both octahedral and tetrahedral sites.