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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
Pilot In Vitro Study to Assess Cleaning Ability and Effects of Different Decontamination Methods on Implant Surfaces
Published on: November 21, 2025
The effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment for convergence insufficiency: a pilot study
Michael Gallaway1, Mitchell Scheiman, Kavita Malhotra
1Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Philadelphia 19141-3322, USA. Mgallaway@pco.edu
Purpose:
To study the effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment (PPT) for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in a clinical situation.
Methods:
PPT was prescribed for use at home for 6 weeks for 25 subjects with convergence insufficiency.
Results:
Twelve of the subjects returned for follow-up. Seven of 12 (58%) subjects showed a clinically significant improvement in nearpoint of convergence and positive fusional vergence, and 11 of 12 reported improvement in symptoms. Only one subject became asymptomatic.
Conclusions:
PPT resulted in some improvement in both objective findings and symptoms for some subjects. Compliance with the recommended home therapy protocol was poor.
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