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The appropriate use of carotid endarterectomy
Henry J M Barnett1, Heather E Meldrum, Michael Eliasziw
1John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ont. barnett@rri.on.ca
Insights
Carotid endarterectomy benefits symptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis. For asymptomatic individuals, medical care is generally preferred due to limited benefits and potential risks.
Area of Science:
- Vascular Surgery
- Neurology
- Clinical Trials
Background:
- Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) appropriateness evolved from anecdotal evidence to randomized trials.
- Seven randomized trials have informed CEA appropriateness for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy based on patient symptoms and internal carotid artery stenosis severity.
- To identify patient subgroups who benefit most and those at higher risk from CEA.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of data from 7 randomized controlled trials comparing CEA to medical management.
- Stratification of patient benefits and risks based on stenosis degree, symptoms, and comorbidities.
Main Results:
- CEA offers greatest benefit for symptomatic patients with ≥70% stenosis, particularly those without collateral vessels.
- Patients with 50-69% stenosis experience less benefit; some groups, including women, may be harmed.
- For asymptomatic patients, CEA shows minimal benefit, with high treatment numbers needed to prevent one stroke, and medical care is often superior.
Conclusions:
- Carotid endarterectomy is most beneficial for select symptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis.
- The risks and limited benefits for asymptomatic individuals suggest medical management is generally preferred.
- Further research may identify specific asymptomatic subgroups who could benefit from CEA.
Abstract:
For the first 30 years after carotid endarterectomy was first developed, anecdotal evidence was used to identify patients with internal carotid artery disease for whom this procedure would be appropriate. More recently, the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic patients and asymptomatic subjects has emerged from 7 randomized trials. Risk of stroke and benefit from the procedure are greatest for symptomatic patients with at least 70% stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Within this group, carotid endarterectomy is most beneficial for the following patients: otherwise healthy elderly patients, those with hemispheric transient ischemic attack, those with tandem extracranial and intracranial lesions and those without evidence of collateral vessels. Risk of perioperative stroke and death is higher in the following groups, although they still benefit: patients with widespread leukoaraiosis, those with occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery and those with intraluminal thrombus. Patients with 50% to 69% stenosis experience lesser benefit, and some other groups may even be harmed by carotid endarterectomy, including women and patients with transient monocular blindness only. The procedure is indicated for patients presenting with lacunar stroke and for those with a nearly occluded internal carotid artery, but the benefit is muted. Patients with less than 50% stenosis do not benefit. In the largest randomized trial of asymptomatic subjects, the perioperative risk of stroke and death was very low (1.5%), but the results indicated that a prohibitively high number of subjects (83) must be treated to prevent one stroke in 2 years. The subsequent literature reported higher perioperative risks (2.8% to 5.6%). In asymptomatic individuals nearly half of the strokes that occur may be due to heart and small-vessel disease. These limitations counter any potential benefit. Another trial is in progress and may identify subgroups of asymptomatic subjects who would benefit. Meanwhile, most individuals without symptoms fare better with medical care.