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A modified toxicity testing method using tropical marine microalgae.

Melor Ismail1, Siew-Moi Phang, Soo-Loong Tong

  • 1Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|May 11, 2002
PubMed
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This study validates a rapid, economical multiwell plate method for marine phytoplankton toxicity testing. Copper (Cu) proved most toxic, highlighting the need to review Malaysian water quality standards for Cadmium (Cd) and Cu.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Phytoplankton Biology

Background:

  • Heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems.
  • Phytoplankton are crucial primary producers sensitive to environmental stressors.
  • Standard toxicity testing methods can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a novel multiwell plate method for heavy metal toxicity testing on marine phytoplankton.
  • To compare the efficacy of this new method with traditional shake-flask techniques.
  • To determine the toxicity of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Arsenic (As) to selected tropical marine phytoplankton species.

Main Methods:

  • Toxicity testing of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, As) on four marine phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrahele, Tetraselmis sp.).

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  • Utilized multiwell plates with 2 mL test volumes and automated optical density (O.D.) readings via a Multiskan spectrophotometer.
  • Determined IC50 values after 96 hours, comparing results with standard shake-flask methods.

    • Main Results:

    • The multiwell plate method demonstrated good agreement with cell counts, proving simple, economical, rapid, and reproducible.
    • Copper (Cu) exhibited the highest toxicity (average IC50: 0.04–0.37 mg L⁻¹), followed by Cadmium (Cd) (0.06–5.7 mg L⁻¹), Manganese (Mn) (7.2–21.4 mg L⁻¹), and Arsenic (As) (33.9–319.3 mg L⁻¹).
    • Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans were the most sensitive species to Cu, Cd, and Mn.

    Conclusions:

    • The multiwell plate method is a reliable and efficient technique for marine phytoplankton toxicity assessment.
    • Current Malaysian Interim Standards for Marine Water Quality for Cd and Cu require review due to observed toxicity levels.
    • Species-specific sensitivity to heavy metals necessitates careful consideration in environmental risk assessments.