Oxidative stress mediates cell surface expression of SS-A/Ro antigen on keratinocytes

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation exacerbates the skin lesions of autoimmune diseases, and is known to induce cell surface expression of SS-A/Ro antigen on keratinocytes in vitro. Following up on recent reports on ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced oxidative stress, we examined the role of oxidative stress in the surface expression of SS-A/Ro antigen on human keratinocytes. First, the exclusive induction by UVB irradiation of the 52-kDa protein (Ro52) but not of the 60-kDa protein (Ro60) of SS-A/Ro antigen was demonstrated by means of indirect immunofluorescence. The surface expression of Ro52 induced by UVB irradiation was concentration-dependently inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an antioxidant. Furthermore, surface expression of Ro52 was similarly induced by diamide, a chemical oxidant. We next used Hoechst 33342 staining and the TUNEL assay to demonstrate that a low dose (20 mJ/cm(2)) of UVB did not induce apoptosis but induced the surface expression of Ro52. Moreover, zVAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, did not inhibit UVB-induced surface expression of Ro52 even at a high dose (200 mJ/cm(2)) of UVB, which was sufficient to induce apoptosis in keratinocytes in the absence of zVAD-fmk. Taken together, we concluded that UVB-induced surface expression of Ro52 on keratinocytes is mediated by oxidative stress through a pathway other than apoptosis.