Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Antepartum findings and obstetric aspects in pregnancies followed by neonatal persistent hyperinsulinemic

Anna-Maria Parviainen1, Jukka Puolakka, Pertti Kirkinen

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Middle Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.

American Journal of Perinatology
|May 16, 2002
PubMed

Insights

Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) presents unique challenges. This study details antepartum and obstetric findings in 9 PHHI infants, noting high rates of prematurity, cesarean sections, and macrosomia.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) is a rare but serious condition.
  • Understanding its association with maternal and fetal factors is crucial for improved outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze antepartum and obstetric findings in infants diagnosed with PHHI.
  • To identify potential risk factors and complications associated with PHHI pregnancies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 9 infants treated for PHHI between 1983 and 1994.
  • Review of maternal and neonatal records, including cardiotocography (CTG) data.

Main Results:

  • 56% of deliveries were premature, and 56% were via cesarean section.
  • 56% of neonates were macrosomic; 33% had low 1-minute Apgar scores.
  • Maternal diabetes was present in 2 cases; fetal distress was noted in 33% prenatally and 33% intrapartum.

Conclusions:

  • PHHI is associated with significant obstetric complications, including prematurity, macrosomia, and fetal distress.
  • Antenatal assessment with amniotic fluid analysis may aid in identifying PHHI in high-risk pregnancies, particularly those with fetal macrosomia.

Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.