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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

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Published on: December 18, 2010

Autoimmune thyroiditis in infants with Down's syndrome.

Shlomit Shalitin1, Moshe Phillip

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqva. shalitin@netvision.net.il

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM
|May 17, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with Down syndrome face high risks of thyroid issues, like autoimmune thyroiditis. Early monitoring of thyroid function and antibodies from infancy is crucial for development and growth in these children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Children with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction compared to the general population.
  • Autoimmune thyroiditis is a common endocrine complication in individuals with DS, potentially impacting development.
  • Early identification and management of thyroid abnormalities are essential for optimizing health outcomes in infants with DS.

Observation:

  • This study reports on two infants diagnosed with Down syndrome who developed chronic autoimmune thyroiditis at 5 and 8 months of age.
  • The early onset of autoimmune thyroiditis in these cases highlights the vulnerability of the thyroid gland in early childhood for individuals with DS.
  • Clinical presentation underscores the need for proactive screening protocols.

Findings:

  • Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis can manifest in infants with Down syndrome as early as 5-8 months of age.
  • The diagnosis was confirmed through clinical evaluation and relevant autoantibody testing.
  • These findings emphasize the early-onset nature of thyroid dysfunction in this population.

Implications:

  • Routine thyroid function and autoantibody screening should commence in infancy for all children diagnosed with Down syndrome.
  • Early intervention can mitigate the risk of developmental delays and growth impairment associated with untreated thyroid dysfunction.
  • Implementing early screening protocols may improve long-term health trajectories for children with Down syndrome.