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Related Concept Videos

Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

78.8K
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

46.2K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.8K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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Proton and heavy ion therapy.

B Larsson

    Experientia. Supplementum
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Penetrating ion beams offer new possibilities beyond traditional radiation therapy. Research using larger ion accelerators explores their clinical use, particularly for cancer treatment, with promising results for proton and deuteron therapies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical physics
    • Radiation oncology
    • Particle accelerator technology

    Background:

    • Traditional radiation therapy relies on electrons and gamma rays.
    • Penetrating ion beams are emerging as a significant advancement in radiation research.
    • There is a growing interest in exploring novel radiation modalities for clinical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the clinical potential of penetrating ion beams in cancer therapy.
    • To evaluate the utility of larger ion accelerators for biomedical research and clinical studies.
    • To assess the feasibility of using protons and deutrons for advanced radiotherapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing larger ion accelerators (100-1000 MeV/amu) for biomedical experiments.
    • Conducting clinical studies to assess the efficacy of ion beam therapies.
    • Exploring the application of specific ion beams like protons and deutrons.

    Main Results:

    • Penetrating ion beams show promise as supplements to existing radiation types.
    • Larger ion accelerators facilitate crucial biomedical and clinical investigations.
    • Proton (ca. 200 MeV) and deuteron (ca. 50 MeV) beams are identified as valuable for neutron therapy and broader clinical use.

    Conclusions:

    • Ion beam therapy represents a significant advancement in radiation oncology.
    • Centralized hospital-based accelerators are practical for large-scale clinical investigations.
    • Proton and deuteron therapy offer convenient and effective options for cancer treatment and research.