Mutated barley (1,3)-beta-D-glucan endohydrolases synthesize crystalline (1,3)-beta-D-glucans

Barley (1,3)-beta-D-glucan endohydrolases (EC ), inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis of their catalytic nucleophiles, show autocondensation glucosynthetic activity with alpha-laminaribiosyl fluoride and heterocondensation glycosynthetic activity with alpha-laminaribiosyl fluoride and 4'-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside. The native enzyme is a retaining endohydrolase of the family 17 group and catalyzes glycosyl transfer reactions at high substrate concentrations. Catalytic efficiencies (k(cat) K(m)(-1)) of mutants E231G, E231S, and E231A as glycosynthases are 28.9, 0.9, and 0.5 x 10(-4) m(-1) s(-1), respectively. Glycosynthase reactions appear to be processive and proceed with pH optima of 6-8 and yields of up to 75%. Insoluble products formed during the glycosynthase reaction appear as lamellar, hexagonal crystals when observed by electron microscopy. Methylation, NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analyses show that the reaction products are linear (1,3)-beta-D-glucans with a degree of polymerization of 30-34, whereas electron and x-ray diffraction patterns indicate that these (1,3)-beta-D-glucan chains adopt a parallel, triple helical conformation. The (1,3)-beta-D-glucan triple helices are orientated perpendicularly to the plane of the lamellar crystals. The barley (1,3)-beta-D-glucan glycosynthases have considerable potential for tailored and high efficiency synthesis of (1,3)-beta-D-linked oligo- and polysaccharides, some of which could have immunomodulating activity, or for the coupling of (1,3)-beta-D-linked glucosyl residues onto other oligosaccharides or glycoproteins.