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Updated: Aug 15, 2026

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Published on: February 21, 2014
Association of field dependence and color-coding to male students' achievement
Francis M Dwyer1, David M Moore
1Department of Adult Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-1303, USA.
Abstract:
This study concerned the relationship of field dependence and differentially color-coded materials (black-and-white and colored) with 56 male students' achievement. Significant differences were found in favor of the 21 field-independent men on the Total Criterion Test. Nonsignificant differences were found on the color-coding variable. A surprising and unexpected result was that the field-dependent men who viewed the black and white materials scored significantly higher than the 4 who viewed the color-coded materials.
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