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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin
03:57

Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin

Published on: December 29, 2021

Fractures before menopause: a red flag for physicians.

W D Hosmer1, H K Genant, W S Browner

  • 1General Internal Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco & Department of Medicine, University of California, USA.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|May 28, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Women with fractures before menopause face a higher risk of postmenopausal fractures. This premenopausal fracture history is an independent risk factor for future osteoporotic fractures, regardless of bone density.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Early identification of women at risk for osteoporotic fractures is crucial for timely preventive interventions.
  • Understanding predictors of postmenopausal fractures can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare burdens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether a history of fractures before menopause increases the risk of fractures after menopause.
  • To determine if premenopausal fractures are an independent risk factor for subsequent osteoporotic fractures.

Main Methods:

  • The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures cohort included 9086 ambulatory white women aged 65+.
  • Data collected included lifetime fracture history, bone mineral density, falls, maternal fracture history, and lifestyle factors.
  • Proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association between premenopausal fractures and postmenopausal fracture risk over 12 years.

Main Results:

  • Women with any premenopausal fracture had a significantly higher risk of fractures during the study period (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.14-1.56).
  • This association remained significant even after adjusting for confounders like bone mineral density (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50).
  • Premenopausal fractures were identified as an independent risk factor, irrespective of estrogen use, fall history, or maternal fracture history.

Conclusions:

  • A history of fractures before menopause is a significant, independent risk factor for fractures after menopause.
  • Assessing premenopausal fracture history is essential for identifying women at high risk for osteoporotic fractures.
  • Clinical decisions regarding preventive treatments should incorporate a comprehensive fracture history.