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High genetic variability in an ecologically variable vertebrate, Bufo viridis.

H C Dessauer, E Nevo, K C Chuang

    Biochemical Genetics
    |October 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Green toads exhibit exceptionally high genetic variation, the most reported in any vertebrate. This extensive allozymic variation suggests adaptation to diverse environments through selection for heterozygosity.

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    Area of Science:

    • * Evolutionary Biology
    • * Population Genetics
    • * Herpetology

    Background:

    • * Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 26 loci was analyzed.
    • * 517 green toads from 11 Israeli populations and 1 from Vis Island were studied.
    • * This study investigates genetic diversity within green toad populations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To quantify allozymic variation in green toads.
    • * To compare genetic diversity across different populations and environments.
    • * To explore the relationship between genetic variation and ecological factors.

    Main Methods:

    • * Electrophoretic analysis of proteins encoded by 26 genetic loci.
    • * Examination of 517 green toad specimens.
    • * Calculation of genetic parameters: mean alleles per locus (A), proportion of polymorphic loci (P), and heterozygous loci per individual (H).

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    Main Results:

    • * Green toads display the highest genetic variation reported in any vertebrate (A=1.65, P=0.423, H=0.133).
    • * Mainland populations showed higher variability than desert isolates and significantly more than the Vis Island population.
    • * Allele frequencies of Icd-1c and Tfa correlated with increasing aridity, and regulatory enzymes contributed more to polymorphism.

    Conclusions:

    • * The observed high genetic variation suggests selection for heterozygosity as an adaptive strategy.
    • * Green toads inhabit an ecologically variable environment, driving this genetic diversity.
    • * Significant genetic similarity exists among mainland populations (S=0.951).