Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors modulate K-Ras-mediated transformation of intestinal epithelial cells

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) exerts diverse effects on neoplastic cells. Recent work has shown that PPARdelta is up-regulated after loss of adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene function and that transcriptional activation of the PPARgamma nuclear receptor can lead to inhibition of carcinoma growth. In this study, we elucidate the regulation and functional importance of PPARgamma and delta after K-Ras-transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. In conditionally K-Ras-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-iK-Ras), the level and activity of PPARdelta were markedly increased. PPARdelta up-regulation occurred due to increased mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and receptor activation required the endogenous production of prostacyclin via the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. We also demonstrate that activation of the PPARgamma nuclear receptor has antineoplastic effects in Ras-transformed cells. Activation of PPARgamma resulted in a delay in transit through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle that was associated with inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt activity and a reduction of cyclin D1 expression. Therefore, these two PPAR nuclear receptors, which are structurally related, have distinct roles during neoplastic transformation. PPARgamma appears to modulate differentiation and signal growth inhibition, whereas PPARdelta is up-regulated by oncogenic Ras and activated by cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandins.