Insomnia. Safe and effective therapy for sleep problems in the older patient

Insomnia is a problem in all stages of life but is particularly common after age 65. A number of factors--including advanced age, psychosocial influences, medical illness, and the use of medications and alcohol--may disturb sleep architecture. Evaluation of insomnia in the older patient requires a careful history and physical examination, supplemented by a sleep diary. Treatment of underlying conditions and nonpharmacologic improvements in sleep hygiene are first-line therapy, but pharmacologic agents such as benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, or antidepressants may be needed. Nonbenzodiazepines with rapid elimination may offer a lower side-effect profile than other hypnotic agents when used for insomnia in the older population.