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Gross Anatomy of Bone

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

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Published on: December 3, 2016

Supernumerary epiphyses in the macaque (Macaca nemestrina).

L Newell-Morris, J Seed, L Tarrant

Journal of Medical Primatology

|January 1, 1979

Summary

Supernumerary epiphyses in macaque hands and feet are common developmental variations. These extra bone growths appear with other secondary epiphyses and are considered a normal phenomenon in this species.

Area of Science:

Comparative anatomy
Developmental biology
Primate skeletal development

Background:

Supernumerary epiphyses are extra ossification centers that can occur in various species.
Their presence and developmental patterns in non-human primates are not well-documented.
Understanding these variations is crucial for comparative skeletal studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To document the frequency, age distribution, and developmental patterns of supernumerary epiphyses in macaque hands and feet.
To determine if the presence of these extra epiphyses is a normal developmental phenomenon in macaques.

Main Methods:

Radiographic documentation of 98 macaque fetuses and infants.
Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples to assess frequency and development.

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Observation of the timing of supernumerary epiphysis appearance relative to other ossification centers.

Main Results:

Supernumerary epiphyses were exclusively observed on the distal first metacarpal and first metatarsal.
These extra epiphyses were present in 15% of the cross-sectional sample and 20% of the longitudinal sample.
Their appearance coincided with the ossification of other secondary epiphyses in the hand and foot.

Conclusions:

The development of supernumerary epiphyses in macaques appears to be a normal biological phenomenon.
This finding contributes to the understanding of skeletal variations in primate development.
Further research could explore the genetic or environmental factors influencing these variations.