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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
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Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina00:55

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Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.
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The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
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Type IV collagen is a 400 nm long, network-forming collagen that acts as a barrier between the epithelial and endothelial cells. Type IV collagen  forms the backbone of the basement membrane by scaffolding with laminin, entactin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. Apart from rendering structural support to the basement membrane, it also helps entail signaling potentials necessary for both pathological and physiological functions.
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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Endocannabinoids and basal ganglia functionality.

J Fernández-Ruiz1, I Lastres-Becker, A Cabranes

  • 1Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. jjfr@med.ucm.es

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Summary

Cannabinoids show therapeutic potential for motor disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Research explores their role in movement control and potential treatments for neurological conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cannabinoid pharmacology has advanced significantly, with more selective compounds and identified targets.
  • Cannabinoids are being explored for therapeutic applications in various conditions, including neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of endogenous cannabinoids in motor control.
  • To summarize the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for motor pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cannabinoid pharmacology and motor control.
  • Analysis of the endocannabinoid system's involvement in neurological disorders.

Main Results:

  • The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in regulating movement.
  • Cannabinoids show promise for treating Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

Conclusions:

  • Cannabinoids represent a promising therapeutic avenue for motor disorders.
  • Further research into cannabinoid-based therapies for neurological conditions is warranted.