Diagnostic methodologies for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients

Hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is now a well-established treatment modality for a variety of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, pulmonary complications, especially invasive fungal infections, are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Successful management of invasive fungal infection depends on early diagnosis, prompt initiation of appropriate anti-fungal therapy, and return of immuno-competence. Appropriate timing of imaging studies and the use of invasive procedures can be lifesaving. Newly developed noninvasive diagnostic techniques allow for earlier recognition of fungal infection and hence earlier treatment. Identifying patients at risk for fungal infections (ie, prolonged neutropenia), and when infection is suspected, using appropriate diagnostic modalities, leads to effective prophylactic and earlier empiric therapy.