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Cruciate ligament reflexes.

Michael R Krogsgaard1, Poul Dyhre-Poulsen, Torsten Fischer-Rasmussen

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark. mrk@dadlnet.dk

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
|June 28, 2002
PubMed
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Muscular reflexes from knee cruciate ligaments, including the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), are now proven. These reflexes influence knee muscle activity and proprioception, impacting knee dynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • The concept of muscular reflexes originating from cruciate ligaments is over a century old.
  • Recent research has provided evidence for the existence of these ligament-muscle reflexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and confirm the existence of muscular reflexes elicited from the sensory nerves of the cruciate ligaments.
  • To explore the role of these reflexes in knee joint dynamics and proprioception.

Main Methods:

  • Animal experiments involving mechanical stimulation of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to observe hamstring muscle activity.
  • Studies in humans involving mechanical or electrical stimulation of the ACL and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
  • Measurement of muscle activity during isometric, isokinetic, and dynamic (gait) activities.

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Main Results:

  • Animal studies showed hamstring muscle excitation upon ACL pulling, linked to gamma motor neuron activity.
  • Human studies demonstrated hamstring muscle excitation via ACL stimulation and reflex inhibition of ongoing muscle activity upon ACL/PCL stimulation.
  • A significant difference in reflex latency was observed between animals (short) and humans (long), suggesting different functional roles.

Conclusions:

  • The cruciate ligaments possess an afferent function influencing knee dynamics through muscular reflexes.
  • The long latency in humans suggests these reflexes may update motor programs rather than providing immediate protection.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize these reflexes and their pathways.