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Halitosis in medicine: a review
1Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University Medical Center Nijmegan, The Netherlands. a.tangerman@gastro.azn.nl
International Dental Journal
|July 2, 2002
Summary
This review explores various forms of halitosis (bad breath), focusing on less understood extra-oral causes. It examines origins in the respiratory tract and blood-borne conditions, alongside analytical methods.
Area of Science:
- Oral Medicine
- Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- Halitosis, or bad breath, is a common condition with various causes.
- Oral halitosis is well-documented, but extra-oral sources require further investigation.
- Understanding the diverse origins of halitosis is crucial for effective diagnosis and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and categorize the different forms of halitosis.
- To provide a comprehensive overview of extra-oral halitosis, including its origins.
- To critically analyze the methods used for halitosis analysis and odour characterization.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on halitosis research.
- Categorization of halitosis based on its origin (oral vs. extra-oral).
- Analysis of extra-oral halitosis subcategories: upper respiratory, lower respiratory, and blood-borne.
Main Results:
- Halitosis can originate from oral or extra-oral sources.
- Extra-oral halitosis includes conditions affecting the nose, respiratory tract, and systemic diseases.
- Blood-borne halitosis involves volatile compounds from the bloodstream reaching the lungs.
Conclusions:
- Extra-oral halitosis encompasses a range of conditions beyond the oral cavity.
- Systemic diseases, metabolic disorders, medications, and diet can contribute to blood-borne halitosis.
- Further research into extra-oral halitosis and its analytical methods is warranted.