Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 30, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
Published on: June 24, 2025
Immunomodulatory macrolactams for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases
Elke C Bornhövd1, Walter H C Burgdorf, Andreas Wollenberg
1Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Munich, Germany. wollenberg@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
Abstract:
Tacrolimus (FK-506; Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co Ltd) and pimecrolimus (SDZ-ASM-981; Novartis AG) are topical immunomodulators, which provide an alternative to glucocorticosteroids for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory dermatoses. Both substances form a complex with cytosolic immunophilins. The complex blocks calcineurin and inhibits the transcription of NF-AT-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trials have shown the efficacy of both substances in atopic dermatitis. We review the physicochemical characteristics, mode of action, pharmacokinetic data, side effects, results of the clincal trials and further indications for tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.
Related Concept Videos
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF
Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...