[Acute myelogenous leukemia complicated by compartment syndrome]

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Surgical Oncology
• Critical Care Medicine

Background:

• Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) requires intensive chemotherapy, often leading to myelosuppression.
• Chemotherapy-induced pancytopenia presents a significant risk for complications.
• Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency characterized by increased pressure within a fascial compartment.

Observation:

• A 37-year-old female AML patient developed lower leg compartment syndrome during chemotherapy-induced pancytopenia.
• The patient experienced collapse followed by the onset of compartment syndrome symptoms.
• Fasciotomy was performed to relieve the compartment pressure.

Findings:

• The patient successfully underwent fasciotomy for lower leg compartment syndrome.
• Complete remission of acute myelogenous leukemia was maintained post-intervention.
• Early recognition and surgical intervention are key to managing this complication.

Implications:

• This case highlights the potential for compartment syndrome in leukemia patients undergoing myelosuppressive therapy.
• Timely diagnosis and surgical decompression (fasciotomy) are vital for limb salvage and preserving oncologic remission.
• Multidisciplinary care involving hematology, surgery, and critical care is essential for managing complex leukemia complications.